Distillation

Distillation: Separating a solution using evaportation+condensation. 

Experiment/ aim: To show the processes of evaporation and condensation by separating coke and sugar-free coke to see how much sugar is present.  

The 3 states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. 

Heat up coke- until all the liquid is evaporated, trapping the gas in the tube.

- Use ice around the test tube to condense the gas. 

Evaporating is when you make a liquid into gas and condensation is when you turn gas into a liquid. 

I think what will happen is when we evaporate the coke we can see a lit of sugar, but for the sugar-free one then I don't think we'll see any of it. I also think that we will be able to see the liquid evaporating into gas, then be able to condense the gas into liquid. 

Method: 

1. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram.

2. Add approximately 50 ml of coke into your conical flask.

3. Light your bunsen burner. Open the air hole and gently push the bunsen burner under the tripod.

4. Heat the solution until most of the solvent has been evaporated. Turn off your bunsen burner. 

During the experiment, the coke was bubbling up because we were heating it up then it started evaporating, The steam went up the tube and into the test tube, as the coke kept bubbling and the steam travels up the other tube more water filled the test tube.

When it was evaporating water when to the test tube because we were condensing it at the same time. The test tube was in a beaker and it was also filled with ice and that was how we condensed the coke. 

Chromatography

Pigments are a substance that gives colour to things, the things that use pigments are felts, paint, plastic, food, fabric and even animals and plants. 

Aim-  To separate the different pigments from ink using chromatography.  

Hypothesis: I think we'll see which pigments more soluble than others and the different colours in the felt. 

Equipment- Felt tip pen, filter paper strips, test tube measuring cylinder and pencil.

Method:

1- Draw a line across the filter paper in pencil, 5cm from the bottom.

2- Draw a coloured dot in the centre of the line.

3- Measure out 10mL of water and place it in the test tube.

4- Place the filter paper in the test tube and fold over the side. MAKE SURE THE PENCIL LINE/ DOT IS NOT IN THE WATER.

5- Wait for 5 minutes and observe the results

There were different types of pigments in the felt and most of them are soluble. 

Concentration and Dilution

 Today we are learning about Concentration and Dilution. 

What is concentration? measure how much of something is dissolved in a liquid. 

what is dilution? making something less concentrated and there will be fewer particles in the liquid. 

Ways we can measure in two ways- how dilute something is (how weak it is) and how concentrated something is (how strong it is). 

Solute- solid that dissolves. 

Solvent- the liquid that dissolves.

Solution- a mixture of Solute+Solution 

When we moved the solution over to the other tubes the colours lessened and became light. the reason is that the liquid becomes more diluted because there is more water that is being mixed in. 

Filter

Today we are focusing on filtering, filtering is separating different sized particles out of a mixture. Not all mixtures can be filtered. only insoluble particles, only things that are different sizes. 

Our aim is to separate a solution from a precipitate. I think what will happen is that we will be able to separate the liquid. 

Method: 

1. Pour approximately 50mL of copper sulfate solution into a beaker.

2. Add the same volume of sodium carbonate solution. A reaction will happen, you should see a cloudy blue precipitate form. Called copper carbonate. 

3. Watch demo then fold filter paper to fit inside the funnel

4. Place the funnel with the filter paper inside of it, into the mouth of a conical flask. 

5. Stir the mixture in the beaker, then carefully pour it into the funnel. 

6. Observe what happened.

Observations and Discussion: the solution is a darker blue than before but when it went through the filter it is clear with a slight tint of blue. what's left in the filter paper is some blue sludge. I think the blue is left behind because of the filter paper.

Equipment:

Sodium carbonate

Copper sulfate

Conical flask

Stirring Rod

200mL Beaker

Funnel

Filter paper

Rat dissection

On Tuesday we dissected a rat, the rat was albino so there wasn't any pigmentation meaning the skin and the rest of its body was white apart from the eyes because it was red. 

The main reason why we did the dissection was to identity its organs, the organs that we saw were its heart, lungs, long intestines, small intestines, stomach and when we were opening it up we saw the rib cage.

The first thing that we did was cut open the chest, then we carefully used the scissors to cut downwards without puncturing any of the organs. We were having a bit of trouble cutting it open because the arms wouldn't stay in place so we pinned them down. We made sure that we didn't cut open the large intestine which has all its faeces. 

After that, we just looked at its organs like the small intestine which was a lot longer than I thought it would be. We also took pictures but I won't be showing them for obvious reasons. 

When we were finished we wrapped the rat with newspaper then wiped down the tables and washed our hands even though we were wearing gloves. 

I personally didn't enjoy it that much but I don't really mind doing it again